Radial Probability Distribution Curves: Summary


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Crystal Field Splitting (CFS)

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Crystal Field Splitting (CFS) patterns for various ligand fields Crystal Field Splitting diagrams for some common fields referred to a common barycentre. Splittings are given with respect to Delta (octahedral). [Reference: Catherine Housecroft]
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Inert Pair Effect

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WHAT IS IT? The elements after Au (gold) in the periodic table have as their most stable oxidation state one which is 2 less than the group valency.  Although  the common oxidation state for elements in group 14 is +4, most elements in the group can also exist in oxidation state of +2.  Thus, Pb has as its most stable oxidation state the Pb(II) state, although Pb is in group 14. This is referred to as the ‘inert pair’, and is thought to be due to increased electronegativity caused by relativistic effects.  REASON The effect occurs when electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus, making them more stable and more difficult to ionize. In heavy atoms, such as those of Sn, Sb, Tl, Pb and Bi, some outer-shell electrons are not as well shielded as those in the inner core.  They are therefore sucked into the inner core of electrons and thus become inert. These metallic elements do not always show their maximum oxidation states, rather they form compounds...
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Calculation of Microstates

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Term symbols are a shorthand method used to describe the energy, angular momentum and spin multiplicity of an atom in any particular state. The general form is given as: Where the letter L corresponds to the angular momentum quantum number and may be assigned as S, P, D, F, G ,…….for ILI = 0, 1, 2, 3,4,…. respectively. The superscript a is called the spin multiplicity and is equal to 2S+1 , where S is the spin quantum number (= 1/2*number of unpaired electrons). The subscript J corresponds to Russel-Suanders coupling and can have values from L+S, L+S-1, L+S-2, L+S-3….L-S .           The number of microstates (N) of a system corresponds to the total number of distinct arrangements for ‘e’ number of electrons to be placed in ’n’ number of possible orbital positions. For a set of p orbitals n=6, since there are two positions in each orbital. Therefore, We can introduce the idea of a hole formalism which states that for many electronic...
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